BENCHMARK(count,expr)

The BENCHMARK() function executes the expression expr repeatedly count times. It may be used to time how quickly MySQL processes the expression. The result value is 0, or NULL for inappropriate arguments such as a NULL or negative repeat count.

The intended use is from within the mysql client, which reports query execution times:

mysql> SELECT BENCHMARK(1000000,AES_ENCRYPT('hello','goodbye'));
+---------------------------------------------------+
| BENCHMARK(1000000,AES_ENCRYPT('hello','goodbye')) |
+---------------------------------------------------+
|                                                 0 |
+---------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (4.74 sec)

The time reported is elapsed time on the client end, not CPU time on the server end. It is advisable to execute BENCHMARK() several times, and to interpret the result with regard to how heavily loaded the server machine is.

BENCHMARK() is intended for measuring the runtime performance of scalar expressions, which has some significant implications for the way that you use it and interpret the results:

CHARSET(str)

Returns the character set of the string argument, or NULL if the argument is NULL.

mysql> SELECT CHARSET('abc');
        -> 'utf8mb3'
mysql> SELECT CHARSET(CONVERT('abc' USING latin1));
        -> 'latin1'
mysql> SELECT CHARSET(USER());
        -> 'utf8mb3'

COERCIBILITY(str)

Returns the collation coercibility value of the string argument.

mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY('abc' COLLATE utf8mb4_swedish_ci);
        -> 0
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY(USER());
        -> 3
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY('abc');
        -> 4
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY(1000);
        -> 5

The return values have the meanings shown in the following table. Lower values have higher precedence.

For more information, see Section 12.8.4, “Collation Coercibility in Expressions”.

COLLATION(str)

Returns the collation of the string argument.

mysql> SELECT COLLATION('abc');
        -> 'utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci'
mysql> SELECT COLLATION(_utf8mb4'abc');
        -> 'utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci'
mysql> SELECT COLLATION(_latin1'abc');
        -> 'latin1_swedish_ci'

CONNECTION_ID()

Returns the connection ID (thread ID) for the connection. Every connection has an ID that is unique among the set of currently connected clients.

The value returned by CONNECTION_ID() is the same type of value as displayed in the ID column of the Information Schema PROCESSLIST table, the Id column of SHOW PROCESSLIST output, and the PROCESSLIST_ID column of the Performance Schema threads table.

mysql> SELECT CONNECTION_ID();
        -> 23786

CURRENT_ROLE()

Returns a utf8mb3 string containing the current active roles for the current session, separated by commas, or NONE if there are none. The value reflects the setting of the sql_quote_show_create system variable.

Suppose that an account is granted roles as follows:

GRANT 'r1', 'r2' TO 'u1'@'localhost';
SET DEFAULT ROLE ALL TO 'u1'@'localhost';

In sessions for u1, the initial CURRENT_ROLE() value names the default account roles. Using SET ROLE changes that:

mysql> SELECT CURRENT_ROLE();
+-------------------+
| CURRENT_ROLE()    |
+-------------------+
| `r1`@`%`,`r2`@`%` |
+-------------------+
mysql> SET ROLE 'r1'; SELECT CURRENT_ROLE();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_ROLE() |
+----------------+
| `r1`@`%`       |
+----------------+

CURRENT_USER, CURRENT_USER()

Returns the user name and host name combination for the MySQL account that the server used to authenticate the current client. This account determines your access privileges. The return value is a string in the utf8mb3 character set.

The value of CURRENT_USER() can differ from the value of USER().

mysql> SELECT USER();
        -> 'davida@localhost'
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
ERROR 1044: Access denied for user ''@'localhost' to
database 'mysql'
mysql> SELECT CURRENT_USER();
        -> '@localhost'

The example illustrates that although the client specified a user name of davida (as indicated by the value of the USER() function), the server authenticated the client using an anonymous user account (as seen by the empty user name part of the CURRENT_USER() value). One way this might occur is that there is no account listed in the grant tables for davida.

Within a stored program or view, CURRENT_USER() returns the account for the user who defined the object (as given by its DEFINER value) unless defined with the SQL SECURITY INVOKER characteristic. In the latter case, CURRENT_USER() returns the object's invoker.

Triggers and events have no option to define the SQL SECURITY characteristic, so for these objects, CURRENT_USER() returns the account for the user who defined the object. To return the invoker, use USER() or SESSION_USER().

The following statements support use of the CURRENT_USER() function to take the place of the name of (and, possibly, a host for) an affected user or a definer; in such cases, CURRENT_USER() is expanded where and as needed:

For information about the implications that this expansion of CURRENT_USER() has for replication, see Section 19.5.1.8, “Replication of CURRENT_USER()”.

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.34, this function can be used for the default value of a VARCHAR or TEXT column, as shown in the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE t (c VARCHAR(288) DEFAULT (CURRENT_USER()));

DATABASE()

Returns the default (current) database name as a string in the utf8mb3 character set. If there is no default database, DATABASE() returns NULL. Within a stored routine, the default database is the database that the routine is associated with, which is not necessarily the same as the database that is the default in the calling context.

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
        -> 'test'

If there is no default database, DATABASE() returns NULL.

FOUND_ROWS()

SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS * FROM tbl_name WHERE id > 100 LIMIT 10;
SELECT FOUND_ROWS();

SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE id > 100 LIMIT 10;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name WHERE id > 100;

A SELECT statement may include a LIMIT clause to restrict the number of rows the server returns to the client. In some cases, it is desirable to know how many rows the statement would have returned without the LIMIT, but without running the statement again. To obtain this row count, include an SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS option in the SELECT statement, and then invoke FOUND_ROWS() afterward:

mysql> SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS * FROM tbl_name
    -> WHERE id > 100 LIMIT 10;
mysql> SELECT FOUND_ROWS();

The second SELECT returns a number indicating how many rows the first SELECT would have returned had it been written without the LIMIT clause.

In the absence of the SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS option in the most recent successful SELECT statement, FOUND_ROWS() returns the number of rows in the result set returned by that statement. If the statement includes a LIMIT clause, FOUND_ROWS() returns the number of rows up to the limit. For example, FOUND_ROWS() returns 10 or 60, respectively, if the statement includes LIMIT 10 or LIMIT 50, 10.

The row count available through FOUND_ROWS() is transient and not intended to be available past the statement following the SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS statement. If you need to refer to the value later, save it:

mysql> SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS * FROM ... ;
mysql> SET @rows = FOUND_ROWS();

If you are using SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS, MySQL must calculate how many rows are in the full result set. However, this is faster than running the query again without LIMIT, because the result set need not be sent to the client.

SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS and FOUND_ROWS() can be useful in situations when you want to restrict the number of rows that a query returns, but also determine the number of rows in the full result set without running the query again. An example is a Web script that presents a paged display containing links to the pages that show other sections of a search result. Using FOUND_ROWS() enables you to determine how many other pages are needed for the rest of the result.

The use of SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS and FOUND_ROWS() is more complex for UNION statements than for simple SELECT statements, because LIMIT may occur at multiple places in a UNION. It may be applied to individual SELECT statements in the UNION, or global to the UNION result as a whole.

The intent of SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS for UNION is that it should return the row count that would be returned without a global LIMIT. The conditions for use of SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS with UNION are:

Beyond the cases described here, the behavior of FOUND_ROWS() is undefined (for example, its value following a SELECT statement that fails with an error).

ICU_VERSION()

The version of the International Components for Unicode (ICU) library used to support regular expression operations (see Section 14.8.2, “Regular Expressions”). This function is primarily intended for use in test cases.

LAST_INSERT_ID(), LAST_INSERT_ID(expr)

With no argument, LAST_INSERT_ID() returns a BIGINT UNSIGNED (64-bit) value representing the first automatically generated value successfully inserted for an AUTO_INCREMENT column as a result of the most recently executed INSERT statement. The value of LAST_INSERT_ID() remains unchanged if no rows are successfully inserted.

With an argument, LAST_INSERT_ID() returns an unsigned integer, or NULL if the argument is NULL.

For example, after inserting a row that generates an AUTO_INCREMENT value, you can get the value like this:

mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
        -> 195

The currently executing statement does not affect the value of LAST_INSERT_ID(). Suppose that you generate an AUTO_INCREMENT value with one statement, and then refer to LAST_INSERT_ID() in a multiple-row INSERT statement that inserts rows into a table with its own AUTO_INCREMENT column. The value of LAST_INSERT_ID() remains stable in the second statement; its value for the second and later rows is not affected by the earlier row insertions. (You should be aware that, if you mix references to LAST_INSERT_ID() and LAST_INSERT_ID(expr), the effect is undefined.)

If the previous statement returned an error, the value of LAST_INSERT_ID() is undefined. For transactional tables, if the statement is rolled back due to an error, the value of LAST_INSERT_ID() is left undefined. For manual ROLLBACK, the value of LAST_INSERT_ID() is not restored to that before the transaction; it remains as it was at the point of the ROLLBACK.

Within the body of a stored routine (procedure or function) or a trigger, the value of LAST_INSERT_ID() changes the same way as for statements executed outside the body of these kinds of objects. The effect of a stored routine or trigger upon the value of LAST_INSERT_ID() that is seen by following statements depends on the kind of routine:

The ID that was generated is maintained in the server on a per-connection basis. This means that the value returned by the function to a given client is the first AUTO_INCREMENT value generated for most recent statement affecting an AUTO_INCREMENT column by that client. This value cannot be affected by other clients, even if they generate AUTO_INCREMENT values of their own. This behavior ensures that each client can retrieve its own ID without concern for the activity of other clients, and without the need for locks or transactions.

The value of LAST_INSERT_ID() is not changed if you set the AUTO_INCREMENT column of a row to a non-“magic” value (that is, a value that is not NULL and not 0).

For example:

mysql> USE test;

mysql> CREATE TABLE t (
       id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
       name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
       );

mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES (NULL, 'Bob');

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | Bob  |
+----+------+

mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|                1 |
+------------------+

mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES
       (NULL, 'Mary'), (NULL, 'Jane'), (NULL, 'Lisa');

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | Bob  |
|  2 | Mary |
|  3 | Jane |
|  4 | Lisa |
+----+------+

mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|                2 |
+------------------+

Although the second INSERT statement inserted three new rows into t, the ID generated for the first of these rows was 2, and it is this value that is returned by LAST_INSERT_ID() for the following SELECT statement.

If you use INSERT IGNORE and the row is ignored, the LAST_INSERT_ID() remains unchanged from the current value (or 0 is returned if the connection has not yet performed a successful INSERT) and, for non-transactional tables, the AUTO_INCREMENT counter is not incremented. For InnoDB tables, the AUTO_INCREMENT counter is incremented if innodb_autoinc_lock_mode is set to 1 or 2, as demonstrated in the following example:

mysql> USE test;

mysql> SELECT @@innodb_autoinc_lock_mode;
+----------------------------+
| @@innodb_autoinc_lock_mode |
+----------------------------+
|                          1 |
+----------------------------+

mysql> CREATE TABLE `t` (
       `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
       `val` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
       PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
       UNIQUE KEY `i1` (`val`)
       ) ENGINE=InnoDB;

# Insert two rows

mysql> INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (1),(2);

# With auto_increment_offset=1, the inserted rows
# result in an AUTO_INCREMENT value of 3

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE t\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: t
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `val` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `i1` (`val`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

# LAST_INSERT_ID() returns the first automatically generated
# value that is successfully inserted for the AUTO_INCREMENT column

mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|                1 |
+------------------+

# The attempted insertion of duplicate rows fail but errors are ignored

mysql> INSERT IGNORE INTO t (val) VALUES (1),(2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 2  Warnings: 0

# With innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=1, the AUTO_INCREMENT counter
# is incremented for the ignored rows

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE t\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: t
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `val` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `i1` (`val`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

# The LAST_INSERT_ID is unchanged because the previous insert was unsuccessful

mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
|                1 |
+------------------+

For more information, see Section 17.6.1.6, “AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB”.

If expr is given as an argument to LAST_INSERT_ID(), the value of the argument is returned by the function and is remembered as the next value to be returned by LAST_INSERT_ID(). This can be used to simulate sequences:

You can generate sequences without calling LAST_INSERT_ID(), but the utility of using the function this way is that the ID value is maintained in the server as the last automatically generated value. It is multi-user safe because multiple clients can issue the UPDATE statement and get their own sequence value with the SELECT statement (or mysql_insert_id()), without affecting or being affected by other clients that generate their own sequence values.

Note that mysql_insert_id() is only updated after INSERT and UPDATE statements, so you cannot use the C API function to retrieve the value for LAST_INSERT_ID(expr) after executing other SQL statements like SELECT or SET.

ROLES_GRAPHML()

Returns a utf8mb3 string containing a GraphML document representing memory role subgraphs. The ROLE_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege) is required to see content in the <graphml> element. Otherwise, the result shows only an empty element:

mysql> SELECT ROLES_GRAPHML();
+---------------------------------------------------+
| ROLES_GRAPHML()                                   |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><graphml /> |
+---------------------------------------------------+

ROW_COUNT()

ROW_COUNT() returns a value as follows:

For UPDATE statements, the affected-rows value by default is the number of rows actually changed. If you specify the CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS flag to mysql_real_connect() when connecting to mysqld, the affected-rows value is the number of rows “found”; that is, matched by the WHERE clause.

For REPLACE statements, the affected-rows value is 2 if the new row replaced an old row, because in this case, one row was inserted after the duplicate was deleted.

For INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements, the affected-rows value per row is 1 if the row is inserted as a new row, 2 if an existing row is updated, and 0 if an existing row is set to its current values. If you specify the CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS flag, the affected-rows value is 1 (not 0) if an existing row is set to its current values.

The ROW_COUNT() value is similar to the value from the mysql_affected_rows() C API function and the row count that the mysql client displays following statement execution.

mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(1),(2),(3);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
|           3 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM t WHERE i IN(1,2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
|           2 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SCHEMA()

This function is a synonym for DATABASE().

SESSION_USER()

SESSION_USER() is a synonym for USER().

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.34, like USER(), this function can be used for the default value of a VARCHAR or TEXT column, as shown in the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE t (c VARCHAR(288) DEFAULT (SESSION_USER()));

SYSTEM_USER()

SYSTEM_USER() is a synonym for USER().

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.34, like USER(), this function can be used for the default value of a VARCHAR or TEXT column, as shown in the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE t (c VARCHAR(288) DEFAULT (SYSTEM_USER()));

USER()

Returns the current MySQL user name and host name as a string in the utf8mb3 character set.

mysql> SELECT USER();
        -> 'davida@localhost'

The value indicates the user name you specified when connecting to the server, and the client host from which you connected. The value can be different from that of CURRENT_USER().

Beginning with MySQL 8.0.34, this function can be used for the default value of a VARCHAR or TEXT column, as shown in the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE t (c VARCHAR(288) DEFAULT (USER()));

VERSION()

Returns a string that indicates the MySQL server version. The string uses the utf8mb3 character set. The value might have a suffix in addition to the version number. See the description of the version system variable in Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”.

This function is unsafe for statement-based replication. A warning is logged if you use this function when binlog_format is set to STATEMENT.

mysql> SELECT VERSION();
        -> '8.0.42-standard'