Control groups, usually referred to as cgroups, are an Oracle Linux kernel feature that enables processes (PIDs) to be organized into hierarchical groups for the purpose of resource allocation. For example, if you have identified 3 sets of processes that need to be allocated CPU time in a ratio of 150:100:50, you can create 3 cgroups, each with a CPU weight corresponding to one of the 3 values in your ratio, and then assign the appropriate processes to each cgroup.

By default, systemd creates a cgroup for the following:

• Each systemd service set up on the host.

  For example, a server might have control group NetworkManager.service to group processes owned by the NetworkManager service, and control group firewalld.service to group processes owned by the firewalld service, and so on.

• Each user (UID) on the host.

The cgroup functionality is mounted as a virtual file system under /sys/fs/cgroup. Each cgroup has a corresponding folder within /sys/fs/cgroup file system. For example, the cgroups created by systemd for the services it manages can be seen by running the command ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice | grep ".service" as shown in the following sample code block:

ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice | grep ".service"
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 atd.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 auditd.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 chronyd.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 crond.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 dbus-broker.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 dtprobed.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 firewalld.service
...root root 0 Mar 22 10:47 httpd.service
...

You can also create cgroups of your own by creating your own folders under the /sys/fs/cgroup virtual file system and assigning process IDs (PIDs) to different cgroups according to your system needs. However, the recommended practice is to use systemd to configure cgroups instead of creating the cgroups manually under /sys/fs/cgroup. See Using systemd to Manage cgroups v2 for the recommended method of managing cgroups through systemd.

Oracle Linux provides two types of control groups:

Control groups version 1 (cgroups v1)

These groups provide a per-resource controller hierarchy. Each resource, such as CPU, memory, I/O, and so on, has its own control group hierarchy. A disadvantage of this group is the difficulty of establishing proper coordination of resource use among groups that might belong to different process hierarchies.

Control groups version 2 (cgroups v2)

These groups provide a single control group hierarchy against which all resource controllers are mounted. In this hierarchy, you can obtain better proper coordination of resource uses across different resource controllers. This version is an improvement over cgroups v1 whose over flexibility prevented proper coordination of resource use among the system consumers.

Both versions are present in Oracle Linux. However, by default, the cgroups v2 functionality is enabled and mounted on Oracle Linux 9 systems.

For more information about control groups of both versions, see the cgroups(7) and sysfs(5) manual pages.